History of the Four Gates (四關 sì guān)
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2,000 years of Chinese acupunctureVivienne LOAsian Medicine, 2005
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Biography of Guo Yu: An acupuncturist from the first centuryBrian MayThe Later or Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) was a formative period in the development of Chinese Medicine. Two medical practitioners who lived towards the end of this period, Zhang Zhong-jing and Hua Tuo, are well known and have been the topic of much discussion. However, their fame seems to have overshadowed a line of acupuncture practitioners who lived towards the beginning of the Later Han Dynasty. The purposes of this article are to present and comment on the historical source material on these practitioners and on the events that surround the incidents related in the biography.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightWas acupuncture developed by Han Dynasty Chinese anatomists?Amy K McLennan, Vivien Shaw2016
Anatomical dissection has begun to reveal striking similarities between gross anatomical structures and the system of nomenclature used in traditional Chinese acupuncture. This paper argues that acupuncture point nomenclature is rooted in systematic anatomical investigation of cadaveric specimens, and that acupuncture points and meridians are purposefully named to reflect observable physical form. Two types of evidence are compared: observations of physical structures based on anatomical dissection, and translation and analysis of original Chinese texts. Evidence is contextualised through in-depth practical understanding of acupuncture. Points designated as 天 tian (heavenly/superior), 下 xia (below/inferior), 髎 liao (bone-hole), 飛 fei (flying), 委wei (bend) and 谿 xi (mountain stream/ravine) are investigated. These acupuncture point names: (a) specify position; (b) reflect function and/or form; (c) indicate homologous structures; (d) mark unusual structures; and/or (e) describe the physical appearance of a deep (dissected) structure by likening it to a homologous everyday object. Results raise intriguing possibilities for developing an understanding of acupuncture points and meridians firmly based in the material and functional anatomy of the human body. Such an understanding has the potential to open new fields of thought about functional anatomy. It also has implications for future investigations into the mechanisms of acupuncture, and gives some insights into the possible origins of this iconic area of Chinese medicine.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAdvanced Chinese Acupuncture Theory 02: Original Architectural Design of Acupuncture TheoryKent Palmer2017
Rendering Imaginary Lacanian Semiotic Structuralism of the Unconscious Symbolically Comprehensible based on a Special Systems Theory grounded Interpretation of Holonomic Acupuncture that gives us a clue to the ‘Really Real’ singularity of Zizek Now we want to turn the tables on the Lacanian Psychoanalytical Theory and see what our interpretation of Acupuncture can tell us about it. In doing so we attempt to understand the Original Architecture of Acupuncture Theory at the same time. We base this architecture on the Simplicies generated by the Pascal Triangle that are the basic shapes in each dimension. Keywords: Chinese Acupuncture, Homeopathy, Higher Dimensional Mathematics, Geometrical Simplicies, Chinese Alchemy, Lacan, Zizek, Structuralism, Semiotics, Anamorphic Eventities, Synergetics
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAcupuncture and Chinese medicine: roots of modern practiceArnyce PockAcupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2015
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAdvanced Chinese Acupuncture Theory 05: A Comparison of the Chinese and Western WorldviewsKent Palmer2017
We have hypothesized a model of the Ancient Chinese Worldview based on a new theory about how Acupuncture works constructed in this series of papers. In this paper we will compare that Model of the Chinese Worldview with the already formulated Model of the Western worldview. It was never expected that we would be able to build a Model of the Chinese worldview, but the theory of Acupuncture implies such a model intrinsically, and so it behooves us to try to see what that may tell us about the difference between the Chinese and Western worldviews. Key Words: Chinese Worldview, Western Worldview, Acupuncture; Homeopathy, Islamic Worldview, Worldviews. Schemas Theory, Special Systems Theory
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAcupuncture in ancient China: how important was it really?Hanjo LehmannJournal of integrative medicine, 2013
Although acupuncture theory is a fundamental part of the Huangdi Neijing, the clinical application of the needle therapy in ancient China was always a limited one. From early times there have been warnings that acupuncture might do harm. In books like Zhang Zhongjing's Shanghanlun it plays only a marginal role. Among the 400 emperors in Chinese history, acupuncture was hardly ever applied. After Xu Dachun called acupuncture a "lost tradition" in 1757, the abolition of acupuncture and moxibustion from the Imperial Medical Academy in 1822 was a radical, but consequent act. When traditional Chinese medicine was revived after 1954, the "New Acupuncture" was completely different from what it had been in ancient China. The conclusion, however, is a positive one: The best time acupuncture ever had was not the Song dynasty or Yuan dynasty, but is now - and the future of acupuncture does not lie in old scripts, but in ourselves.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAcupunct Its Place in the history of chinese medicine KAN MA 2000 Med 2000 MaJavier JuniorAcupuncture, as an important and unique part of traditional Chinese medicine, has played a major role in the health care of the Chinese people, occupying a significant place in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. This can be seen from the following four points:
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightA Study of Sa-Ahm's Thoughts on the Four-needle Acupuncture Technique with the Five-element TheoryJungdae KimJournal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 2014
In order to study Sa-Ahm's underlying thoughts on the basis of Yin-Yang and the fiveelement theory, the 12 acupuncture meridian systems and eight extra meridian systems were investigated in detail. The clinical acupuncture points for Sa-Ahm's four-needle acupuncture technique were also reviewed. The forms of the combinations using the five Shu acupuncture points, which are based on the promotion and control cycles with tonification and sedation, were shown to connect to the acupuncture points, which represent the meridian system itself. However, not all of Sa-Ahm's clinical cases were fully explained by this doctrine, so the five correlations among the meridian systems and the acupuncture points that affect the clinical treatment and the occurrence of disease were determined. The mutual efficacies for Sa-Ahm's clinical cases can be analyzed and explained with correlativity diagrams that include five interrelations.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe modernisation of acupunctureAnthony CampbellAcupuncture in Medicine, 2015
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAdvanced Chinese Acupuncture Theory 04: A View of the Chinese Worldview based on the WorldSoulKent Palmer2017
A Broader Mathematical Framework for Understanding Acupuncture Theory In this paper, we will be laying out a proposed structure of the Chinese Worldview in order to, hopefully, eventually compare it directly to the already posited structure of the Western Worldview. This is part of a study of Holonomic Acupuncture Theory in which we have tried to work out a Mathematical theory of Acupuncture. Here we look at the broader context of the Chinese Worldview based on Higher Dimensional Mathematical Structures. Key Words: Chinese Worldview, Western Worldview, Acupuncture Theory, Higher Geometrical Dimensions.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAn Acupuncture Research Protocol Developed from Historical Writings by Mathematical Reflections: A Rational Individualized Acupoint Selection Method for Immediate Pain ReliefS. SchröderEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013
While balancing yin and yang is one basic principle of Chinese medicine, balancing methods for combination of meridians and acupoints had been described throughout the history of Chinese medicine. We have identified six historical systems for combinations of acupuncture points in historical writings. All of them represent symmetrical combinations which are defined by the steps in the Chinese Clock. Taking the historical systems as a basis, we calculated the possible combinations that fit into these systems they revealed, leading to a total of 19 systems offering new balancing combinations. Merging the data of these 19 systems, there are 7 combinatorial options for every meridian. On the basis of this data, we calculated 4-meridian combinations with an ideal balance pattern, which is given when all meridians balance each other. We identified 5 of these patterns for every meridian, so we end up with 60 patterns for all the 12 meridians but we find multiple overlapping. Finally, 15 dis...
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightHow Old is Acupuncture? Challenging the Neolithic Origins Theory by Bai Xinghua with RB Baronbai xinghuaJournal of Chinese Medicine
A thorough reevaluation of all extant literature, as well as documents and archaeological relics unearthed since the 1960s, confirms that acupuncture is not as ancient as has generally been assumed, and that it did not, in fact, appear and gradually develop during China's Neolithic Age (c. 8000-3500 BC). Rather, this great invention arose quite suddenly and rapidly developed approximately two millennia ago.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightThe Story of Yellow River and Acupuncturebai xinghuaChina's Ethics
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightA Survey and Analysis of Zhu Danxi’s Use of Acupuncture and MoxibustionLorraine WilcoxIt is a common myth that in ancient times doctors practised internal medicine using either medicinals or acupuncture and moxibustion, but not both types of modalities. This has never been true. Sun Simiao said, “When medicinal decoctions attack the interior and acupuncture and moxibustion attack the exterior, the disease has no place to escape.” All four great masters of the Jin-Yuan period (Liu Wansu, Zhang Zihe, Li Dongyuan and Zhu Danxi), while famous for their use of medicinals, also applied acupuncture and/or moxibustion. Zhu Danxi (1281-1358, Yuan dynasty), the last of these four masters, was no exception.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightDiscussion on Scientificaion of Acupuncture in Hong Kong in 1950s: with special reference to Zhu Lian's The New AcupunctureKa Wai FanAsian Culture and History, 2011
Acupuncture is an ancient form of healing based on theories of traditional Chinese medicine. Since the 1920s, Chinese medicine has faced the challenge of modern science and western medicine. The scientification of Chinese medicine was the most important way to respond to the challenge. Zhu Lian's The New Acupuncture, published in 1951, was the pioneer work in the field of acupuncture in communist China. This paper probes into the discussion on scientification of acupuncture raised by The New Acupuncture among Hong Kong practitioners of Chinese medicine during the 1950s. Some practitioners followed Zhu's route to unlock the healing mysteries of acupuncture using the theory of higher nervous activity, and some of them doubted the compatibility of this theory with that of traditional acupuncture. The debate reflected the fervent search by Hong Kong practitioners of Chinese medicine for scientification of acupuncture when Chinese medicine was peripheralized in 1950s Hong Kong.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightChinese medicine and healing : an illustrated historyLinda BarnesBelknap Press of Harvard University Press eBooks, 2013
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightHiding in Plain Sight‐ancient Chinese anatomyIsabelle WinderThe Anatomical Record, 2020
For thousands of years, scientists have studied human anatomy by dissecting bodies. Our knowledge of their findings is limited, however, both by the subsequent loss of many of the oldest texts, and by a tendency toward a Eurocentric perspective in medicine. As a discipline, anatomy tends to be much more familiar with ancient Greek texts than with those from India, China, or Persia. Here, we show that the Mawangdui medical texts, entombed in the Mawangdui burial site in Changsha, China 168 BCE, are the oldest surviving anatomical atlas in the world. These medical texts both predate and inform the later acupuncture texts which have been the foundation for acupuncture practice in the subsequent two millennia. The skills necessary to interpret them are diverse, requiring the researcher firstly to read the original Chinese, and secondly to perform the anatomical investigations that allow a reviewing of the structures that the texts refer to. Acupuncture meridians are considered to be esoteric in nature, but these texts are clearly descriptions of the physical body. As such, they represent a previously hidden chapter in the history of anatomy, and a new perspective on acupuncture.
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightA Survey of the Practice and Perspectives of Chinese Acupuncturists onDeqiTing MaEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015
Deqirefers to the special sensation and reaction sensed mainly by both acupuncturist and patient when a needle was inserted into the acupoints and is considered to be vital to achieve acupuncture effect. For acupuncturist, it is important to judge and controlDeqiin clinical practice. However, enough attention is paid to patients’ feelings rather than acupuncturists’ nowadays. We thus conducted this survey to determine acupuncturists’ perspectives aboutDeqiand to further find the proper way to induceDeqi. A total of 250 questionnaires were sent out to acupuncturists and 202 (80.8%) were returned. According to the results, most acupuncturists believe thatDeqiis vital to obtain preferable clinical effects. The reliability of acupuncturists’Deqisensation ranks as sinking> tightening> astringent. The reliability of patients’Deqisensations ranks as sourness> numbness> distention> heaviness> pain. The reliability of influential factors ranks as manipulation> specificit...
downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightOrigin of Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture & Moxibustion (HSOA - Journal of Alternative, Complementary and Integrative medicine)Dr Igor MicunovicAlternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine, 2018
There is clear evidence of a shamanic culture existing in early Asian civilization, and many shamanistic practices are believed to lie at the foundation of Chinese Medicine. The earliest known text on acupuncture and acupoints is The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic of Medicine (c. 104-32 BC) (Huang Di Neijing????) compiled during the western Han Dynasty ?? (206 BC-24 AD). No mention of either acupuncture or acupoints has been found in any prior medical documents. The first discussion of the meridians, however, occurs in a collection of much earlier texts, The Ancient Medical Relics of Matvangdui ?????(c. prior to 168 BC). Furthermore, these texts refer only to the use of moxibustion, the application of heat, along the general pathways of the meridians to stimulate the flow of Qi. They make no mention of either acupuncture or specific acupoints. This suggests that the ancient Chinese were familiar with moxibustion and the meridians well before they started to use acupuncture. Extensive further evidence, both classical and modern, exists to support this theory.
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